Rowan College Of New Jersey

Public, coeducational institution of higher learning in Glassboro, New Jersey, U.S. It includes the schools of Business, Education, Engineering, Fine and Performing Arts, and Liberal Arts and Sciences. In addition to some 30 bachelor's degree programs, the college offers a range of master's degree programs. There is a branch campus in Camden. University facilities include

Quicksand

State in which saturated sand loses its supporting capacity and acquires the character of a liquid. Quicksand is usually found in hollows at the mouths of large rivers or along flat stretches of streams or beaches where pools of water become partially filled with sand and an underlying layer of stiff clay or other dense material prevents drainage. Mixtures of

Encyclical

Pastoral letter written by the pope for the whole Roman Catholic church on matters of doctrine, morals, or discipline. Although formal papal letters for the entire church were issued from the earliest days of the church, the first commonly called an encyclical was Ubi primum, dealing with episcopal duties, published by Benedict XIV in 1740. Only from the time of Pius IX

Oberbayern

English �Upper Bavaria� Regierungsbezirk (administrative district), southeastern Bavaria Land (state), southern Germany. Oberbayern is bordered by Austria to the east and south and the Regierungsbezirke of Schwaben (Swabia) to the west, Mittelfranken (Middle Franconia) and Oberpfalz (Upper Palatinate) to the north, and Niederbayern (Lower Bavaria) to the northeast. It is the largest of seven

Biblical Literature, Early reign of David

The Second Book of Samuel, as noted earlier, relates the exploits of David and the events of his monarchy. After mourning the death of Saul and executing an Amalekite who claimed to have killed the former king, David began to consolidate his position as the successor to Saul. He was anointed king of Judah at Hebron while Ishbosheth (�man of shame,� originally Ishbaal, or

Target Theory

German �Treffertheorie, � in biology, the concept that the biological effects of radiations such as X rays result from ionization (i.e., the formation of electrically charged particles) by individual quanta, or photons, of radiation that are absorbed at sensitive points (targets) in a cell. It is supposed that to produce a given effect there must be one or more hits on a target. Ionization of a target

Coral Sea Islands

Officially �Coral Sea Islands Territory� group of islands situated east of Queensland, Australia, in the South Pacific. Spread over a sea area of about 400,000 square miles (1,035,995 square km), the islands comprise only a few square kilometres of actual land area. They are scattered coral reefs and sand cays with large populations of seabirds. In 1770 Captain James Cook explored parts of the region, and in the late 1800s guano was collected

Socrates, Xenophon

Among the compositions of Xenophon, the one that gives the fullest portrait of Socrates is Memorabilia. The first two chapters of Book I of this work are especially important, because they explicitly undertake a refutation of the charges made against Socrates at his trial; they are therefore a valuable supplement to Xenophon's Apology, which is devoted entirely

Avoidance Behaviour

Type of activity seen in animals exposed to adverse stimuli, in which the tendency to act defensively is stronger than the tendency to attack. The underlying implication that a single neural mechanism is involved (such as a specific part of the brain, which, under electrical stimulation, seems to inflict punishment) remains only a hypothesis. Clearly, the same kinds

Furnivall, Frederick James

English literary scholar who, partly by his own efforts in textual criticism and partly by founding learned societies, especially the Early English Text Society, was instrumental in initiating a major revival in the study of medieval English literature. Though he first studied law and was called to the bar in 1849, he came to divide his

Furnivall, Frederick James

English literary scholar who, partly by his own efforts in textual criticism and partly by founding learned societies, especially the Early English Text Society, was instrumental in initiating a major revival in the study of medieval English literature. Though he first studied law and was called to the bar in 1849, he came to divide his

East Devon

District, administrative and historic county of Devon, southwestern England, in the southeastern part of the county and bordering Lyme Bay of the English Channel to the south. East Devon is historically known for its handmade lace and carpet-making industries in the eastern interior market towns of Honiton and Axminster. High-quality limestone has been quarried

Alabama, Health and welfare

In rural areas and among nonwhites, educational and economic opportunities are fewer, and health and medical resources and services are less available. Welfare payments in Alabama rank low by national standards. Penal institutions include several prisons and camps for youthful offenders. Controversy over conditions in these institutions has occasionally

Topology, Cartesian-product spaces

Starting with a pair of topological spaces X1, X2, the Cartesian product of X1 and X2 (written X1 � X2) may be constructed as follows: the points of X1 � X2 are ordered pairs (a, b) in which a X1 and b X2. Basis elements of X1 � X2 are sets of the form U1 � U2 in which U1 is a basis element of X1; U2 is a basis element of X2; and U1 � U2 denotes the set of all points (x1, x2) of X1 � X2 in which x1 U1, x2 U2. In a certain sense, the plane �2 is the Cartesian product of two lines. Also �m n is the Cartesian

Aalto, Alvar

Turun Sanomat Building, Turku, Fin. (1930); Municipal Library at Viipuri, now Vyborg, Russia (1930 - 35); Sulfate Paper Mill at Toppila, Fin. (1931); Sanatorium at Paimio, Fin. (1933); cellulose factory at Sunila, Kotka, Fin. (1936 - 39; extended 1951 - 54); Villa Mairea (Gullichsen House) near Noormarkku, Fin. (1938 - 39); sawmill at Varkaus, Fin. (1945); Baker House (student dormitory), Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Mass., U.S. (1947 - 48); town hall group, S�yn�tsalo, Fin. (1950 - 52); House of Culture, Helsinki, Fin. (1955 - 58); house for Louis Carr�, Bazoches, France (1956 - 58); church at Vuoksenniska, Imatra, Fin. (1956 - 58); Nordjyllands Kunstmuseum, �lborg, Den. (1958 - 72); post and telegraph office, Baghdad, Iraq (1958); Community Centre, Wolfsburg, Ger. (1959 - 62); Community Centre, Sein�joki, Fin. (1962; theatre added, 1967); Edgar J. Kaufmann Conference Rooms, Institute of International Education, New York City (1964 - 65); Mount Angel Abbey Library, near Salem, Ore., U.S. (1967 - 70); Finlandia Hall, Helsinki (1971, enlarged 1974); Taidemuseo, Jyv�skyl�, Fin. (1973, later called the Alvar Aalto Museum).

Abbott, George Francis

U.S. theatrical director, producer, playwright, actor, and motion-picture director (b. June 25, 1887, Forestville, N.Y.--d. Jan. 31, 1995, Miami Beach, Fla.), as the dean of Broadway showmen, brought a no-nonsense approach, a flair for establishing pacing and humour, and an exceptional ability to maintain action effectively to the staging of some of the most popular Broadway musicals and farces that

Christian Brother

The Institute of the Brothers of Christian Schools (F.S.C.) was founded by St. Jean-Baptiste de La Salle at Reims, France, in 1684 for the education of boys, especially of poor families; the congregation is now established on all continents. Besides teaching in elementary,

Aquinas, Thomas, Saint

Also called �Aquinas, �Italian �San Tommaso d'Aquino, �byname �Doctor Angelicus (Latin: Angelic Doctor)� Italian Dominican theologian, the foremost medieval Scholasticist. He developed his own conclusions from Aristotelian premises, notably in the metaphysics of personality, creation, and Providence.

Genesius, Joseph

The details of Genesius' life are unknown. He apparently composed his history between 945 and 959 at the order of Emperor Constantine VII, using his high social position to gain eyewitness reports of events from

Amiens, Treaty Of

(March 27, 1802), an agreement signed at Amiens, Fr., by Britain, France, Spain, and the Batavian Republic (the Netherlands), achieving a peace in Europe for 14 months during the Napoleonic Wars. It ignored some questions that divided Britain and France, such as the fate of the Belgian provinces, Savoy, and Switzerland and the trade relations between Britain and the French-controlled

Smith, Adam

After two centuries, Adam Smith remains a towering figure in the history of economic thought. Known primarily for a single work, An Inquiry into the nature and causes of the Wealth of Nations (1776), the first comprehensive system of political economy, Smith is more properly

Steam

Odourless, invisible gas consisting of vaporized water. It is usually interspersed with minute droplets of water, which gives it a white, cloudy appearance. In nature, steam is produced by the heating of underground water by volcanic processes and is emitted from hot springs, geysers, fumaroles, and certain types of volcanoes. Steam also can be generated on a large

Honey Ant

Any member of several different species of ant (family Formicidae; order Hymenoptera) that have developed a unique way of storing the honeydew, a by-product of digestion that is gathered mainly from the secretions of aphids and scale insects. A worker ant, fed by the others, is called a replete. The honeydew is stored in the replete's abdomen, which can become distended

Honey Ant

At the end of World War II, Christian Democratic parties

Warfare In The 21st Century

The war that began in Afghanistan on Oct. 7, 2001, demonstrated both the capabilities and the limitations of modern military technology. It should have come as no surprise that the U.S.-led 17-member coalition toppled the Taliban regime in only a few weeks. In conventional terms, the Taliban were a pushover; they possessed no air force, had very limited air defenses, and were an unpopular

Moses, Edwin

Moses competed in cross-country, track, and gridiron football in high school and studied physics at Morehouse College (B.S., 1978) in Atlanta, Georgia. There he first ran the 400-metre race and the 120-yard high hurdles but began running

Tiverton

Town (township), Newport county, eastern Rhode Island, U.S. It lies along the Sakonnet River and Mount Hope Bay, opposite Portsmouth and Bristol. Originally a part of Plymouth colony and named for Tiverton, Devon, England, it was annexed to Rhode Island in 1746 and was incorporated in 1747. Southwest of Tiverton Four Corners, the Battle of Almy's Pea Field was fought during King Philip's

Kerosine

Kerosine accounts for between 10 and 25 percent of the total volume of crude petroleum. It is

Catamarca

The region constituted part of